Sharks and Their Six Senses

Sharks are among the most efficient predators on Earth—and for good reason! They have six powerful senses that help them hunt, survive, and thrive in the ocean. While humans only have five senses—sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch—sharks have all of these, plus an incredible sixth sense called electroreception.

Let’s explore how each of these senses works and why they make sharks such amazing hunters.

Hearing

Sharks can hear sounds from up to a kilometre away. Their hearing is especially sensitive to low-frequency, irregular sounds, such as the noises made by injured or struggling fish. These sounds act like dinner bells, helping sharks locate easy prey.

Interestingly, sharks hear best in front of and above them—exactly where their food usually is!

Smell

A shark’s sense of smell is legendary. Some species can detect a single drop of blood in an Olympic-sized swimming pool! Most of a shark’s brain is devoted to processing smells.

Unlike humans, sharks don’t use their noses to breathe. Instead, they have two external nostrils, each with an incurrent and excurrent opening leading to sensory sacs. As water flows through these sacs, special cells detect tiny traces of chemicals in the water. That’s how sharks “smell” their surroundings—through water, not air.

Touch

Sharks can feel movement in the water even without touching anything directly. This is thanks to a special structure called the lateral line, which runs along each side of a shark’s body.

The lateral line contains millions of tiny, jelly-filled cells that sense vibrations. When a fish swims nearby, the movement of the water causes these cells to move, sending messages to the shark’s brain. This distant sense of touch can detect movement more than 100 metres away—allowing sharks to sense prey even in dark or murky waters.

Sight

In dim light or deep water, sharks can see about ten times better than humans. This is because they have a special reflective layer at the back of their eyes called the tapetum lucidum, made up of silvery, mirror-like plates. These plates reflect light back through the retina, giving the shark a second chance to use it—similar to how a cat’s eyes glow in the dark.

Sharks only see in black and white, but they detect movement about twice as fast as humans. This quick reaction time gives them a big advantage when chasing prey.

Taste

Scientists are still learning about a shark’s sense of taste. Sharks have taste buds inside their mouths, but their role isn’t fully understood. It’s believed that taste helps sharks decide whether to eat or spit out what they bite.

In fact, sharks are known to sample unfamiliar objects—sometimes taking a “test bite”—and then spit them out if they’re not appealing.

Electroreception – The Sixth Sense

Now for the most fascinating sense of all—electroreception.

Every living creature produces tiny electrical signals when their muscles move or their heart beats. Sharks can detect these signals using a network of special, gel-filled pores around their nose and mouth called the ampullae of Lorenzini.

This means sharks can sense the electric fields made by other animals, even if they’re hiding under sand or swimming in total darkness. It’s an extraordinary ability that makes sharks the most electrically sensitive animals on Earth.

As you can see, sharks are not mindless predators—they are highly tuned creatures with an incredible set of senses that help them survive in their underwater world. From detecting faint sounds and smells to sensing the tiniest electrical pulses, these six senses make sharks some of the ocean’s most remarkable hunters.

Contributed with thanks to Whitsunday Conservation Council.

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